病毒 肝炎
Overview
Several distinct viruses can infect the liver, causing inflammation that is called hepatitis. 在美国最常见的是甲型、乙型和丙型肝炎.
甲型肝炎
甲型肝炎是通过受污染的食物或水获得的. 在健康个体中, 它会引起急性发烧, 食欲不振，黄疸持续两至三周. 完全康复是规则，其次是对病毒的终身免疫. 对已经患有晚期肝病的人, 急性甲型肝炎往往很严重，可以致命.
乙型肝炎
通过接触被感染者的血液或分泌物而获得的, 乙型肝炎也可通过性接触传播. Newborns may acquire it at the time of birth from a mother with active hepatitis B.
Adults who contract hepatitis B have an acute illness that ranges from very mild, 只有流感样症状, ,恶心, 腹痛和黄疸.
大多数患有此病的人会康复并产生免疫力, 但5%到10%的人会持续感染, 并有可能感染他人. 对于出生时暴露于病毒而未接受治疗的婴儿, 慢性感染率要高得多. People with long-standing active hepatitis B, spanning more than 20 years, are at risk of developing 肝癌.
丙型肝炎
目前 the main mode of transmission of hepatitis C is through injecting illicit drugs using needles from infected persons. Prior to the testing of banked blood, the disease was passed through transfusions. 与乙型肝炎不同，它的性传播率很低.
急性疾病往往很轻微. However, many people fail to clear the virus, such that about 70 percent become chronically infected. An estimated 4 million Americans have hepatitis C, many of whom are unaware of their condition.
这种病毒引起的炎症是缓慢而隐蔽的, 在20到30年间, 导致肝脏的疤痕. As the disease progresses, the first sign may be nothing more than decreased energy. 当肝脏疾病变得严重时, 患者可能会出现液体潴留, 导致脚踝肿胀和体重增加, 内出血和神志不清. The rate of disease progression is variable, for reasons that are only partially understood. 很明显，大量饮酒会加速疾病的发生. 在肝脏形成晚期疤痕的人身上，这种情况被称为 肝硬化，发展的风险 肝癌 是重要的.
我们治疗病毒性肝炎的方法
UCSF offers the most advanced diagnostic and treatment options for patients with all forms of viral hepatitis. 我们的治疗方法取决于疾病的类型和严重程度. 甲型肝炎通常会自行痊愈, 所以我们帮助病人控制他们的症状，避免传播感染. We treat chronic cases of hepatitis B or C with the latest medication therapies.
Chronic hepatitis infections can lead to severe liver damage or failure if patients don't respond to treatment or don't know they have the virus until 症状 of liver disease appear. 在这种情况下，肝移植可能是必要的. 我们的肝脏移植项目被美国国立卫生研究院指定为卓越中心.S. 卫生与公众服务部, is known for outstanding outcomes and for helping pioneer techniques that have made transplants safer 和更多的 successful. 我们每年做200多例移植手术, 我们的存活率在全国名列前茅.
奖 & 识别
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是全国顶尖的十大赌博平台排行榜之一
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全国最好的胃肠病学专家之一 & 胃肠道手术
迹象 & 症状
As viral hepatitis becomes more advanced, it may cause one or more of the following 症状:
- 食欲不振
- 恶心和/或呕吐
- 发热
- 尿色深
- 胃疼
- 乏力
- 黄疸皮肤和眼睛变黄，称为黄疸
- 情绪变化，健忘
- 大便呈黑色，表明肠内出血
诊断
在诊断肝炎时, 进行血液检查以检测肝炎病毒, 还有病毒的抗体. 这些测试还能区分急性感染和慢性感染.
治疗
Treatment for hepatitis varies, depending on the type and severity of the disease.
甲型肝炎治疗
目前尚无针对急性甲型肝炎感染的特效药. 因此，预防是关键. An effective vaccine is available and recommended for anyone with liver disease. It also is recommended for people planning to travel to areas of the world where sanitation may be less than optimal.
在接种疫苗之前, the patient usually will have a blood test to check whether antibody to the virus is present already, 在这种情况下，接种疫苗是不必要的.
乙型肝炎治疗
About 25 percent of people with chronic hepatitis B can be cured with a drug called pegylated interferon-alpha, 哪一种是连续六个月每周注射一次的. The alternative is suppression of the virus with oral medications, such as lamivudine and adefovir. Suppression is recommended for patients with elevated viral levels and evidence of advancing liver disease.
可能接触过乙型肝炎的人群, 例如卫生保健工作者和感染者的性伴侣, 目前存在一种有效的疫苗，推荐使用. 除了, transmission of hepatitis B from mother to newborn largely can be prevented by vaccinating the infant and administering hepatitis B immune globulin.
丙型肝炎治疗
目前, the most effective therapy for hepatitis C is a drug combination consisting of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Pegylated interferon is taken weekly as an injection and ribavirin is a twice daily tablet. The treatment is a form of chemotherapy and the ability to tolerate it varies widely for each person.
A patient's response will depend on the particular type of hepatitis C, known as the "genotype.在美国.S.在美国，基因型1、2和3占大多数病例. Interferon-ribavirin cures about 40 percent of genotype 1 cases and 80 percent of cases with genotype 2 or 3. Other factors that improve a patient's chances of cure include low viral level, 肝功能正常，体重正常.
对大多数人来说, 干扰素-利巴韦林引起类似流感的症状，伴有肌肉疼痛, 易怒, 食欲不振，情绪低落. 还可能出现皮疹和脱发. 干扰素和利巴韦林都能减少血细胞计数, 哪些可能需要减少剂量或停止治疗. 在治疗期间定期进行实验室检测是必要的.
有些人发现他们不能继续这种养生法, which lasts either 48 weeks for genotype 1 or 24 weeks for genotypes 2 and 3. Finally, the cost of the medication is high, making insurance coverage essential.
肝移植
肝脏移植手术 may be an option for people whose hepatitis progresses to liver failure and who fail to respond to treatment or cannot tolerate treatment. 目前，在美国几乎一半的肝移植手术都是通过手术进行的.S. 对终末期丙型肝炎进行了哪些治疗.
The evaluation for a transplant is complex and generally requires several months. 因此, even patients who feel well should be referred for a transplant at the first sign of liver failure, or if they have advanced liver disease diagnosed by X-Ray studies or liver biopsy.
加州大学旧金山分校健康医学专家已经审查了这些信息. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.
