Aortic Stenosis

Causes & symptoms

Causes

主动脉瓣狭窄是最常见的瓣膜疾病，男性比女性更常见. For most people, the condition develops with age. More than 2.美国有500万75岁以上的人患有主动脉狭窄.

Severe aortic stenosis may be related to a number of factors:

• Aging is a factor. 与年龄相关的主动脉狭窄通常在60岁以后开始，这是瓣膜中钙积聚的结果, but symptoms often don't appear until a person is 70 or even 80.
• Radiation therapy, which is used to treat certain cancers, can cause thickening and calcification of the valve.
• 导致心脏瘢痕组织形成的细菌感染(如风湿热可能发生的)可以阻止瓣膜正常工作.
• 高胆固醇会增加脂肪沉积，从而使瓣膜开口变窄.
• 出生缺陷会影响瓣膜的结构和功能.

Symptoms

In the mild to moderate stages of aortic stenosis, blood flow usually isn't restricted enough to cause symptoms. Many people don't know they have the condition at this stage. 一些病人在例行检查时被告知有心脏杂音.

随着病情的发展，开口进一步狭窄，心肌减弱. As aortic stenosis becomes severe, patients notice uncomfortable symptoms, such as shortness of breath or fatigue. This can be life-threatening, 因此，如果你发现新的症状或症状恶化，立即告诉你的十大赌博平台排行榜是至关重要的.

Diagnosis

我们使用几种测试来诊断主动脉狭窄并评估其严重程度.

Echocardiogram

An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart. It produces images of the heart chambers, valves and blood flow, and can also show whether blood is clotting inside the pumping heart. We perform a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), 其中一根长柔性管将换能器(发射声波的装置)送入喉咙. TEE提供的图像比体外成像更清晰.

Angiogram

An angiogram is another type of imaging test. During the test, the doctor inserts a thin, 一根被称为导管的柔性管子插入血管(通常在腹股沟区域)，并将其引导至心脏. 然后十大赌博平台排行榜通过导管注射一种无害的染料，这种染料在x射线上显示得很好，以跟踪血液流向心脏.

Chest X-ray

A chest X-ray 显示钙沉积的存在，显示心脏和肺部的大小和形状. 所有需要做心脏瓣膜手术的病人事先都要做胸部x光检查.

Treatment

To monitor your condition, 美国心脏病学会和美国心脏协会建议，如果你有轻度主动脉狭窄，每三到五年做一次超声心动图，如果你有中度主动脉狭窄，每一到两年做一次.

Your treatment depends on the severity of your condition. 如果狭窄是轻度或中度，你可能没有症状或需要治疗. Be sure to tell your doctor about any new or worsening symptoms.

随着病情的发展，你可能需要更换受损的瓣膜. There are several ways to do this.

Open-heart surgery

In open-heart surgery, 外科十大赌博平台排行榜在胸部中间切开一个切口，取出受损的瓣膜，并放置一个新的. 新的瓣膜可以由动物组织或耐用材料制成，如钛. Or, in an open-heart operation known as the Ross procedure即使用患者自己的一个功能性心脏瓣膜作为替代物. 因为做这些手术时心脏必须停止跳动, the patient is on a heart-lung bypass machine during the operation. 有些病人不适合做心脏直视手术，因为他们病得太重，或者有其他疾病，风险太大. 罗斯手术一般只适用于60岁以下的患者.

Minimally invasive valve replacement

As with open-heart surgery, 在微创瓣膜置换术中，患者必须使用心肺旁路机. However, 外科十大赌博平台排行榜可以通过在胸部开一个小得多的切口来进行手术, 使用微型摄像机和细长的工具来拆卸和更换损坏的阀门. 这是一些不能做传统开胸手术的病人的一个选择.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

TAVR 我们是否可以根据病人的评估，为他们提供一种侵入性更小的手术. Instead of making an incision in the chest, 外科十大赌博平台排行榜将导管穿过血管到达心脏, then inserts a new valve inside the old one. TAVR is performed while the heart is beating, so the patient doesn't need to be on a heart-lung bypass machine.

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty

这种微创手术的目的是扩大狭窄的瓣膜，而不是替换它. 导管的尖端有一个微小的气球，穿过血管，直到到达受损的瓣膜. At that point, the balloon is inflated to expand the narrowed valve. The balloon is then deflated and the catheter is withdrawn.