Mitral Valve Disorders
Overview
One of the heart's four valves, 二尖瓣位于心脏左上腔之间, called the left atrium, 心脏的左下腔, called the left ventricle.
Valves control blood flow through the heart. The mitral valve controls blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle. When the heart contracts, the mitral valve closes to prevent blood from backing up into the lungs. 如果阀门病变或损坏, 它可以通过手术修复或更换来恢复功能.
If left untreated, 二尖瓣疾病可能导致更严重的问题, such as heart dilation, 在这种情况下，心脏的壁被拉伸和削弱. As a result, heart rhythm problems may occur, including atrial fibrillation.
Types of Mitral Valve Disorders
需要二尖瓣修复的两种最常见的情况包括:
- Mitral Valve Prolapse 瓣膜黏液性变性, 又称“软瓣”或二尖瓣脱垂, 需要二尖瓣修复的最常见的情况是什么. It occurs when the mitral valve leaflets become floppy or loose and the valve does not open and close properly. In most cases, it does not cause symptoms and therefore treatment is not required.
However, in more severe cases, 这种情况可能导致二尖瓣反流, 血液回流到肺部. This may result in heart dilation, 在这种情况下，心脏的壁被拉伸和削弱. 因此，可能出现心律问题，包括心房颤动. Almost all of leaky valves caused by myxomatous degeneration can be successfully repaired with surgery. - Mitral Valve Stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄是指二尖瓣开口狭窄, 哪些可以阻止阀门正常开启和关闭, 减少流经心脏的血流量. Over time, 狭窄会导致左心房和肺部的高血压, 哪些会导致呼吸困难.
其他可能需要二尖瓣修复的情况包括:
- Endocarditis 这是一种影响心脏瓣膜或内表面的感染, called the endocardium, of the heart. 心内膜炎通常发生在细菌或其他细菌进入口腔时, intestinal tract or urinary tract travel to the heart via the bloodstream and lodge in the heart. 这些细菌通常不会对正常心脏造成问题，但是 hearts with defects 或者那些已经修复的很容易受到感染. Once infection occurs, the bacteria continue to grow and may seriously damage the heart.
- Heart Failure 当心脏不能正常工作时就会出现心力衰竭. The names "heart failure" and "congestive heart failure" (CHF) often confuse people since the heart hasn't actually "failed" or stopped. Heart failure is a medical term that describes the condition in which one or more chambers of the heart "fail" to keep up with the volume of blood flowing through them. Heart failure can be brought on by a variety of underlying diseases and health problems.
Patients with end-stage heart failure who have severe regurgitation — 血液回流到肺部 — may require mitral valve repair. 然而，这些患者中的许多人最终将需要一个 heart transplant.
我们治疗二尖瓣疾病的方法
At UCSF, patients with mitral valve disorders are treated by a team of specialists in heart valve problems, 包括介入心脏病专家和心胸外科十大赌博平台排行榜. 我们提供全方位的治疗选择, 包括微创方法修复或更换瓣膜. 与传统的心脏直视手术相比, 这些手术对病人有很多好处, including faster recovery, 术后疼痛少，疤痕少.
研究表明，当故障阀门被早期修复时, 以免导致心脏损伤, 患者有更好的即时和长期效果. Our surgeons have had tremendous success in repairing early-stage mitral valve disorders. Research has also shown many advantages to surgically repairing – rather than replacing – a mitral valve. In certain cases, however, the valve may be so seriously damaged that replacement is recommended.
Awards & recognition
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是全国顶尖的十大赌博平台排行榜之一
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全国最好的心脏病和心脏专家之一 & vascular surgery
Signs & symptoms
Surgical repair of a malfunctioning mitral valve is recommended when it causes symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pains, dizziness, swelling of the ankles or legs, cough or heart palpitations. It may also be recommended when the damaged or diseased mitral valve causes the heart muscle to weaken.
Diagnosis
二尖瓣病变的诊断得到证实 echocardiography. This is a safe, painless test that uses sound waves (ultrasound) to examine the heart's structure and motion. 这个测试提供了关于心脏泵血能力的信息, blood flow activity, valve function, size and pressure.
UCSF is an international leader in echocardiography and has been at the forefront of developing new techniques and equipment in this field. UCSF cardiac surgeons not only use echocardiography before surgery to diagnose mitral valve disease and plan the procedure, but also during repair.
In many cases, the echocardiography tells surgeons all they need to know to perform the surgery, so that cardiac catheterization — an invasive procedure performed to obtain detailed information about the heart — is not necessary. 心导管插入术使用导管, which are thin, flexible tubes inserted through tiny incisions in the groin or neck and threaded through blood vessels to the heart.
Treatments
If the mitral valve becomes diseased or damaged, it may be surgically repaired to restore function. 二尖瓣也可以用人工或天然的二尖瓣代替. However, 研究表明，手术修复有许多优点, rather than replacing, a mitral valve. In certain cases, however, 阀门可能严重损坏，建议更换阀门.
你的外科十大赌博平台排行榜会和你讨论这两种治疗方案. The decision regarding whether to have valve repair or replacement depends on a number of factors, including your age, overall health, 瓣膜损伤的原因和手术的预期益处.
Surgical Repair
Mitral valve repair is an open heart procedure performed by a cardiothoracic surgeon, 专门研究心肺疾病的十大赌博平台排行榜.
两种最常见的二尖瓣手术修复包括:
- Ring Annuloplasty The annulus, or ring-like part of the valve, 是通过放置一个有弹性的金属环来收紧的吗, 用布或纸巾包裹损坏的阀门.
- Valve Repair The damaged leaflets, chordae, and/or papillary muscles of the valve are surgically reconstructed.
Surgically repairing, rather than replacing a valve spares the surrounding structures that attach the valve to the heart, 哪些对维持心脏的形状和功能很重要. Studies have shown that removing those structures during valve replacement may not affect heart function immediately, but 10 years after surgery, the heart is much weaker.
In addition, 将人工瓣膜插入心脏可能会引起感染或并发症, such as blood clotting. Patients who have valve repair, rather than valve replacement, 不需要服用血液稀释剂香豆素吗, 也有更快的恢复时间, 部分原因是微创手术技术.
We can perform certain mitral valve repairs using minimally invasive techniques, such as robotic surgery，减少恢复时间和手术并发症的风险.
Early Mitral Valve Repair
UCSF heart surgeons also specialize in early mitral valve repair before the heart is severely damaged by the faulty valve. 最近的研究表明，早期的手术干预, 特别是如果修复是可能的, 可以防止对心脏造成不可逆的损害吗. Evidence shows that patients who have their valve repaired early on have greatly improved short- and long-term results. And because the heart's tissue is still healthy at the time of repair, recovery time is much quicker.
The push to make mitral valve repairs early is only one of several important changes that have swept the field in recent decades. One of the most important procedural differences between today and years past is that now the existing valve is often repaired, 而不是用人工阀门代替.
加州大学旧金山分校健康医学专家已经审查了这些信息. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.
Where to get care (3)
机器人辅助手术恢复更快，风险更小
At UCSF, we perform complex, delicate procedures with a minimally invasive approach. Our surgeons use the Da Vinci Xi system, the most sophisticated technology available.
